![]() This study provides insights into the nature of personal value of Chinese shopping tourists by applying the Schwartz values, and identifies the shopping travel characteristics of Chinese shopping tourists. The cluster analysis, which used the aforementioned five dimensions, identify the following clusters: uncertainty (Cluster 1), passion (Cluster 2), balance (Cluster 3), and conservation (Cluster 4). Results of the factor analysis reveal the following five dimensions of personal values among Chinese shopping tourists: self-enhancement, universalism, assurance, self-direction, and benevolence. Convenience sampling is adopted in this study, and 511 usable responses in China are obtained. As a medium for investigating rich segmented markets, values emerge as an alternative variable for personality, lifestyle, and other demographic and socioeconomic segmentation variables. This study aims to develop a typology of Chinese shopping tourists based on the Schwartz values. This paper synthesizes such systemic aspects in a mountain context and concludes with an outline for future research. Changing value ethics of visitors affect the governance of protected areas and new partnerships need to be built for their sustainable management. Category groups have a decisive and inverse influence on visitor management and protected area governance, which itself is steered by political and cultural characteristics. ![]() Protected areas increas- ingly operate as multifunctionally managed areas where visitors and inhabitants are integrated into the management concept. ![]() The category is also influenced by the acceptance of the local population and visitors or tourists. The category has an influence on how the local population is affected or benefits from the protection of an area, and what kind of visitors are coming to or engaging with the protected area. The category or classification of a protected area according to the IUCN framework is influenced by the regional political and cultural differentiations which concern all aspects of protected areas in their social, ecological and economic interactions. For example, recent energy politics exacerbates existing pressures on land use for renewable energy generation and challenges the goals and objectives of protection categories. Protected areas are embedded within a dynamic system of socio-economic-ecological interactions on various geographical, value-ethical, cultural and political scales. This paper discusses systemic aspects of protected areas research with a particular focus on systemic governance. Needs of their different target groups and devise appropriate planning, management and marketing strategies. A typology of visitors to national parks is therefore proposed, with the aim of assisting managers and policy-makers involved in tourism and national parks to understand the ![]() In turn, this should lead to enhanced visitor satisfaction and to a more sustainable tourism industry, and (perhaps) to an increased political will to devote resources to protecting the parks and to a better chance of survival for the natural and cultural heritage preserved within them. Greater understanding of these characteristics should lead to improved market awareness and to more closely targeted provision of facilities. ![]() Although a broad distinction is usually made between international and domestic visitors, no further refinement is generally made, even though visitors’ perceptions, needs and profile vary enormously. Tourism to some national parks is substantial, but there is often inadequate differentiation between the perceptions and needs of different user-groups. One way to address this is by enhancing their tourism potential, which can help to improve their profile and ensure their contribution to national, provincial and local economies. National parks and other protected areas are an important part of the national and international heritage, but they are often under threat and are frequently under-resourced, especially in developing countries. ![]()
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